The term “vaginitis” refers to an infection or inflammation of the vagina, which may have several causes. The three most common types are caused by three different organisms: bacteria, trichomoniasis (a one-celled organism), and yeast (a fungus). Though occasionally sexually transmitted, most commonly these infections develop spontaneously. Symptoms of vaginitis can include itching, pain, abnormal discharge, and an unpleasant odor. Each organism causes slightly different symptoms and requires different treatments; reinfection is common for all three.

Yeast Infections (Candida)

Yeast infections are the most common type of vaginitis. Infection occurs when the conditions in the vagina cause an overgrowth of yeast, which is normally found in low amounts in the vagina. Yeast infections are more common in women who are in poor health, are diabetic, are pregnant, are using birth control pills, or are taking antibiotics. Men can develop yeast infections as well, and pass them on to their partners. They should be treated if they exhibit redness and/or itching of the genital area.

Symptoms:

1. Thick, white “cottage cheese” discharge
2. Itching and burning
3. Redness on the labia and/or upper thighs (penis, scrotum, and/or upper thighs in men)

Testing and Diagnosis: These infections are easy to diagnose from a microscopic examination of the discharge for evidence of yeast overgrowth.

Treatment: Various anti-fungal vaginal medications are available. Common medications include Monistat, Femstat, and Terazol. While many medications are available over the counter, it is necessary to visit a medical practitioner to receive an accurate diagnosis.

Trichomoniasis Infections

Trichomoniasis infections are caused by a one-celled parasitic organism, and unlike yeast infections, are usually sexually transmitted. The organism can live for a few hours outside the body, and can be transmitted through shared towels, bathing suits, etc. Potential complications in women can include adverse pregnancy outcomes, should trichomoniasis go untreated.

Symptoms:

1. Frothy, thin, gray or greenish-white vaginal discharge with an unpleasant fishy odor
2. Itching and redness in the vaginal area
3. Pain on urination

Testing and Diagnosis: Trichomoniasis infections can be easily diagnosed based on symptoms and a microscopic examination of a vaginal smear.

Treatment: Treatment is usually accomplished by both partners taking a prescribed dose of Metronidazole. This medication is not available over the counter.

Bacterial Infections

Bacterial infections are caused by a variety of bacteria, and can develop spontaneously or be sexually transmitted. Men do not usually have symptoms, but they can transmit the infections and should be treated at the same time as their partners. Potential complications in women include later onset of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix), cervical abnormalities, endometriosis, and obstetric complications.

Symptoms:

1. Yellow or green-gray discharge with a fishy odor
2. Pain on urination
3. Vaginal itching
4. Painful intercourse

Testing and Diagnosis: These infections can be diagnosed based on a microscopic examination of a vaginal smear.

Treatment: Treatment can be achieved with the prescribed antibiotic Metronidazole, the same medication used for Trichomoniasis.